Relationship Between The Slave Trade And Africa - 1055 Words

Nunn, in his research to find if there is any relationship between the slave trade and Africa’s current underdevelopment, used data from different shipping records and historical documents reporting slave ethnicities, and he came up with estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country in Africa during Africa’s four slave trades. He found a robust negative relationship between the number of slaves taken from a country and its subsequent economic development. Which means, the slave trade can be considered as part of many African countries underdevelopment. Nunn pursued a number of strategies to better know if the relationship between the slave trade and current African underdevelopment is causal or spurious. If countries that†¦show more content†¦Even those who might have participated on the slave trade on the sides of Europeans or on local slave trade could never contribute anything to the development of Africa, as Rodney indicated that ‘†˜In Africa, the trading groups could make no contribution to technological improvement because their role and preoccupation took their minds and energies away from production.’’ On the other hand, the trade helped the Europeans to develop their economy with advancements in technology and agriculture using African labor and resources. When Europeans came to Africa in the 15th century, Africa was by no means significantly weaker than Europe. The continent was maintaining its own development and that’s why Europeans started trade relations with the continent. But by the end of the 19th century, Africa was already weak and the Europeans were sure that the continent was already divided and feeble to defend itself when they held a conference in 1884 to scramble the continent. European exploitation of Africa didn’t end after the abolition of slave trade in the second half of the 19th century, in fact, After Europeans colonized Africa, the exploitation changed its form and transformed in to a whole new scale of extraction of labor force and resources of Africa. Rodney wrote that, â€Å"For the first three decades of colonialism, hardlyShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Slave Trade On West Africa1055 Words   |  5 PagesIn addition to the impacts of the slave trade on the social history of Africa, there were also major impacts on the political history. Below, three major impacts of the slave trade on the political history of West Africa will be discussed. To begin with, an impact that the slave trade had on West Africa is that it made the area more susceptible to colonization by European powers. There were two main ways in which the slave trade made it easier for European powers to colonize; the ways are the lossRead MoreImpact Of Slave Trade On West Africa1153 Words   |  5 PagesFor 300 years, Africa participated in the Atlantic Slave Trade, providing humans in exchange for other goods. During that 300 years, some twelve million Africans were transported to the Americas. This mass, forced migration had many consequences for Africa, in many as pects of its history. In World History classes—both high school and college— these consequences for Africa are usually omitted, and a more Eurocentric view of the Atlantic Slave Trade dominates. Because of this, many are not aware ofRead MoreImpact Of Trans Atlantic Slave Trade On African Societies1314 Words   |  6 PagesFor 300 years, Africa participated in the Atlantic slave trade, providing humans in exchange for other goods. During that 300 years, some twelve million Africans were transported to the Americas. This mass, forced migration had many consequences for Africa, in many aspects of its history. In World History classes—both high school and college— these consequences for Africa are usually omitted, and a more Eurocentric view of the Atlantic slave trade dominates. Because of this, many are not aware ofRead MoreTHE SLAVE TRADE AND THE ORIGINS OF MISTRUST IN AFRICA1320 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica’s slave trade. He finds that the slave trade, which occurred over a period of more than 400 years, had a significant negative effect on long-term economic development. Although the paper arguably identifies a negative causal relationship between the slave trade and income today, the analysis is unable to pin down the exact causal mechanisms underlying the reduced form relationship documented in the paper. In this paper, we examine one of the channels through which the slave trade may affect Read MoreEssay African Unity737 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican Slave Trade author Basil Davidson explains how the slave trade between Europe and Africa eventually led to the unity of Africans, and the birth of African nationalism. However, the birth of nationalism and unity/equality among Africans did not occur the day after the first European slave ship left the coast of Africa; instead, it took many years and many set-backs before Africa united through equality. Davidson also asserts that Europe benefited from the Euro-African relationship. DavidsonRead MoreRelationship Between Africa And Africa987 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica could have developed trade relations with any other country but why with Europe? During the fifteenth (15th) century Africa developed a very unique relationship with Europe ¹. Before Africa and Europe established their trade relationship, the African s economic status was way ahead of Europe s.1 It was said that â€Å"The West African empire of Mali was larger than Western Europe and reputed to be one of the richest and most powerful states in the world.†2 Africa was known for its gold, whichRead MoreManorial Trade Network, the Indian Ocean Trade Network, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network842 Words   |  4 PagesManorial Trade Network, the Indian Ocean Trade Network, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network The creation of a strong and productive society depends on a stable economy. The development of extensive trade relations in Africa, Europe, and Asia, was necessary for the existence of the highly advanced civilizations that exist today. The Trans-Saharan trade, Indian Ocean trade, and manorial trade of Europe in the middle ages were major trading networks that flourished. The Trans-Saharan trade networkRead MoreEuropean Exploration And Trade During The Age Of Discovery975 Words   |  4 Pagesyearning does reap negative consequences at times and is held responsible for some of history’s darkest ages. European exploration and trade during the age of discovery is what indirectly created what we today call America. The world that we see today can be attributed back to Portugal as it pioneered a niche in expedition for European culture. European exploration and trade began in the 15th century with Portugal as they played a very significant role to the age of discovery, a period of time that designatedRead MoreRowlandson And Equiano s Narratives Of Captivity And Share Their Stories Through Detailed Personal Experiences1512 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal experiences in their narratives on captivity. Rowlandson was an American settler that faced the hardship of being captured during a period where tension was high between Native Americans and the American settlers. Equiano shares a similar story growing up in Guinea west of modern day Nigeria, a major slave trade port in Africa where Nigerians were kidnapped and sold into slavery. Comparing the historical context that led to the captures of both Rowlandson and Equiano, to their depictions inRead MoreSlavery, Colonialism and Capitalism783 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery, Colonialism and Capitalism, it can be said that there is a relationship between these three systems. T here are many different views on this topic, the main views being the Liberal-pluralists and the Radical revisionists who understand this relationship from different perspectives. To prove the connection between these three systems that impacted many countries this essay shall make close reference to a number of sources. Cedric Robinson (1984: 57) discusses the fact that slavery lead to

Exploring the Ontological Argument - 1746 Words

Exploring the Ontological Argument For nearly a thousand years, the ontological argument has captured the attention of philosophers. The ontological argument was revolutionary in its sequence from thought to reality. It was an argument that did not require any corresponding experiment in reality; it functioned without the necessity of empirical data. Despite flaws and problems found in some ontological arguments and the objections raised to those arguments, ontological arguments still provide a phenomenal vehicle for ontological discussion through St. Anselm’s original ideas and argument, objections raised, and revisions of previous arguments. The ontological argument still intrigues philosophers despite potential objections and flaws†¦show more content†¦258). It does not matter who or what that Greatest Conceivable Being is identified as; anyone and everyone can have an idea of that being. The third premise works off of the idea that it is â€Å"greater for somethi ng to exist in reality than simply as an idea in our minds† (Cowan Spiegel, 2009, p. 258). The idea is that existence is a quality that can make something greater than something equal in all aspects except for existence. A red balloon in my mind would not be as great as a red balloon that actually exists. So, in order for the Greatest Conceivable Being to actually be the greatest, it needs to exist in reality. The fourth premise says that if God, or the Greatest Conceivable Being, was only an idea in the mind, then he would not be as great as he could be because he did not exist in reality. So, if God does not exist in reality, then we would be able to imagine or conceive a being greater than him. The fifth premise ties back in to the first: God, by definition, is the Greatest Conceivable Being. If he did not exist, then he would not be the Greatest Conceivable Being. There would be a being that is greater. However, it would be â€Å"self-contradictory† to say that the re would be a being greater than the Greatest Conceivable Being (Himma, n.d., para. 1). If something is the greatest, there cannot be something greater. The sixth premise brings the argument to a conclusion: if the Greatest Conceivable Being is the greatest, thatShow MoreRelatedUnpacking Spinoza s Ontological Argument1054 Words   |  5 Pages Unpacking Spinoza’s Ontological Argument in Regards to Monism Baruch Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher who was active in the mid to late 17th century. In Spinoza’s ontological argument he attempts to prove the existence of God as the root of all things that everything is created from as well as proving that God is the only true substance. According to Spinoza, â€Å"It pertains to the nature of a substance to exist† (Spinoza). This means that Spinoza believes existence is a necessary property of anyRead MoreWhat Does Ontological Position Influence Mixed Methods Research?1456 Words   |  6 Pagesof this paper is to reflect upon a methodological approach towards in what extent does ontological position influence mixed methods research which involves both collecting and analyzing the combination of quantitative and qualitative data. This reflection will begin with defining the ontological position, then why this approach influence mixed method research and followed by a conclusion. Defining ontological position The term ontology is derived from the Greek word, with â€Å"onto† meaning â€Å"being†Read MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Science1076 Words   |  5 PagesMills. Determinism is then introduced to further illuminate the difference between these two theories. Hollis also provides readers with the fundamental feature of Explanation and Understanding. The comparison represented through the framing of ontological, methodological and epistemological elements. This is where the matrix of four social science modes is completed with ‘Systems’ and ‘Agents’ in Explanation column and ‘Games’ and ‘Actors’ in Understanding column. He also gives the brief explanationRead MoreTheo 104 Reflection Paper 1642 Words   |  3 PagesTOPICS TO CONSIDER FOR THE REFLECTION PAPER: Angels, Anthropological Argument, Arminianism, Assurance of Salvation, Attributes of God, Baptism of Holy Spirit, Believers Glorified Body Bible Study, Biblical Theology, Calvinism, Character Development, Christian Service, Comfort of God, Conscience, Contemporary, Theology, Conversion, Conviction, Cosmological Argument,Creation, Crown of Life, Deacon, Death Death of Christ, Deity of Christ, Demons,Denominations, Doctrine, Dogmatic Theology, DoubtRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Love Song Of J.alfred Prufrock 1559 Words   |  7 PagesEliot turned his attention towards the plight of the individual, opting for the ambiguous protagonists in his poetry and exploring the often desolate and depressive urban landscape of the time through the inner workings of an individuals mind. Following on from this, throughout the poem, Eliot conveys a sense of the individual conscience as conditioned by society, through exploring the inner workings of the persona of J.Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock’s lack of identity and freedom in the face of societyRead MoreDifferent From Peile ( 1988 ) And Reid1245 Words   |  5 Pagesmethods, the researchers can develop social work knowledge with details and in-depth. Second, I do not agree with Haworth (1991) that we can use constructivism paradigm to replace positivism paradigm. Admittedly, Haworth (1991) provided some sound argument that quantitative research has flaws. For example, quantitative researchers hold the views of reductionism and operationism and heavily rely on measurement and statistical analysis, which may provide false knowledge to social work practice. It isRead MoreThis essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the3100 Words   |  13 PagesThis essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim that â€Å"it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence†- with reference to the non-existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the Ontological argument, in order, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claimRead MoreThe Speech Of Nothingness : The Literary Construction Of Black Subjectivity1808 Words   |  8 Pagestraders, the presence of which serves to function as the creation of what I argue is a new ontological structure that positions Black subjectivity as nothingness. Drawing upon the work of critical scholars such as Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Orlando Patterson, and Frank B. Wilderson, I hope that I will make a compelling argument regarding the negation that is Blackness. ​In Decolonising the Mind wa Thiong’o makes the argument that language itself is a â€Å"culture bomb†, a tool which articulates one’s position withinRead MoreSturdy And Grey Article5186 Words   |  21 Pageschange management: Exploring alternatives...................................... 1 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Document 1 of 1 Beneath and beyond organizational change management: Exploring alternatives Author: Sturdy, Andrew; Grey, Christopher ProQuest document link Abstract: This essay introduces contributions to a special issue exploring alternative accountsRead MoreThe Debate On The Existence Of God2437 Words   |  10 Pagesreason and science those people often call themselves atheists. I believe in the existence of God but I will discuss arguments that express both the existence of God and none existence of God in order to prove that God really does exist. By visiting and exploring all kinds of aspects such as moral idea of God, as well as first cause argument. Furthermore, I will go into the arguments of Gods none existence because of problems of evil in the world, misery, lack of faith, continuous let down and lack

Rutgers Free Essays

Talent Search Rutgers Essay Visiting Rutgers university on November 5th, 2013 was definitely a great experience as well as an eye opener for me. From touring the dfferent campus, getting an inside look in one of the Residence Halls and actually sitting and eating lunch In a setting filled with actual college students, the experience was surreal. Vlsltlng Rutgers motivated me to seek better for myself so that hopefully I can attend there or somewhere like it. We will write a custom essay sample on Rutgers or any similar topic only for you Order Now With that said, there are many factors that come In to play hen considering me being able to go to Rutgers University. What can I study? One of the best things about Rutgers Is that It offers over a hundred different majors, and holds thousands of courses. When I get Into college I would Ilke to study Sports Management with a minor In Marketing. Luckily, Rutgers does offer a Bachelors degree In sports Management and Instead of minoring In Marketing: I could make it a major as well and be a â€Å"double major†. An opportunity like that is breath taking and definitely caught my attention. Although Rutgers doesnt ffer my major beyond a bachelor’s degree, like masters or doctorates, Rutgers is an accredited university so another college with a Sports Management master’s program would greatly accept my bachelor’s degree from Rutgers. Is Rutgers worth the cost? With such large and diverse campuses, Rutgers is a bit pricey. Although paying to attend may be very expensive, to me it’s a risk worth taking. Rutgers diversity along with its academic profile suggests that it is one of the top tier colleges across the nation. Also, Rutgers has so much more to offer than just cademics. With 400 student groups, Division 1 athletic programs, and the state’s most extensive network of research labs, RIJ definitely sets the bar very high. Hopefully with a helping hand from Financial Aid, Rutgers cost will be a little less expensive so that I can cover all costs. Can I get in? That’s the million dollar question. Based on the different requirements and things that come in to play when the office of admissions chose who they would like to see at their school, I think I have a fair shot. With my SAT cores and my personal statement, hopefully I stand out in a way that would help me get accepted. Rutgers university is definitely a great choice for me personally. Although It has been on my college list, the tour definitely assured Its position. With Just a few hours’ worth of being there I could only Imagine what It would be like to be there full time. Hopefully, Rutgers university Is In my future! Rutgers By hochoyt Visiting Rutgers University on November 5th, 2013 was definitely a great experience as well as an eye opener for me. From touring the different campus, unch in a setting filled with actual college students, the experience was surreal. Visiting Rutgers motivated me to seek better for myself so that hopefully I can attend there or somewhere like it. With that said, there are many factors that come in to play What can I study? One of the best things about Rutgers is that it offers over a hundred different majors, and holds thousands of courses. When I get into college I would like to study Sports Management with a minor in Marketing. Luckily, Rutgers does offer a Bachelor’s degree in Sports Management and instead of minoring in Marketing; I could make it a major as well and be a â€Å"double major†. An opportunity like that is breath taking and definitely caught my attention. Although Rutgers doesn’t top tier colleges across the nation. Also, Rutgers has so much more to offer than Just Rutgers University is definitely a great choice for me personally. Although it has been on my college list, the tour definitely assured its position. With Just a few hours’ worth of being there I could only imagine what it would be like to be there full time. Hopefully, Rutgers University is in my future! How to cite Rutgers, Papers

One Woman, One Vote Essay Sample free essay sample

What does the term â€Å"We Demand† refer to?â€Å"We Demand† was women’s base for their rights despite preconceived impressions that adult females have no demand to be involved in political relations. It was the concluding straw for adult females and they were willing to make all in their power to be enfranchised. Rather than brood on the what they couldn’t do. the suffragists moved frontward and did all in their power to accomplish their rights. They decided their attempts were worth more than any adversity that they would meet. Women would no longer stand for the male population to ignore their right over themselves but their right as dwellers of the United States. They decided non to stand for the unequal intervention any longer and were willing to contend for it. Who attended the parade in Washington D. C. ? Who did non? Why?Inez Milholland and Lucy Burns led the great adult female right to vote parade with more than 5. We will write a custom essay sample on One Woman, One Vote Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 000 marchers. It was organized by Alice Paul for the National American Woman Suffrage Association and grabbed attending for the right to vote motion. Another noteworthy leader in attending was Ida Wells-Barnett. a black adult female suffragist who led coloured suffragists in the parade. It is besides of import that there were adult females who didn’t back up the right to vote motion. The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage led by Mrs. Arthur Dodge included affluent. influential adult females who did non desire to free white domination nor acquire involved in such political relations. Least of all did they desire to be associated with the black suffragists at the clip. What function did the constabulary and the jurisprudence drama. in the success or deficiency of success. in the women’s motion?While the constabulary made the physical adversities of extremist suffragists harder. it besides helped make an image for the suffragist that they needed. With the rough intervention from the constabulary. people began to back up the suffragists and began to detect them. Rather than harshly direct them off. people began to back up the suffragists and chastised the authorities and constabulary for non protecting adult females when they were defenseless. Reporters wrote several articles uncovering the rough intervention of adult females who were detained and made strong advocators like Alice Paul into heroes irrespective of the population that was against affranchising adult females. What was one of the most exciting occupations to hold within the motion? Why?A woman’s topographic point was at place taking attention of her family’s domestic demands. There were really few adult females who could go and see a universe outside their family duties. Womans were attracted to going strong advocators and talkers and organisers of right to vote organisations so that they could see the universe outside their closed off universe in the house. The adult females who were organisers of the right to vote motion were able to go and run into new people and venture into new environments. They enjoyed the new chances available to them. the freedom that came with their journeys. What was Catt’s influence? What did she make?Catt grew up disputing the manner work forces viewed her. She sought for a higher instruction despite her father’s resistance and decided that she can command her ain life. It was in Mason City were Carrie Chapman Catt foremost became active in the women’s rights campaign. Her success in occupations normally reserved for work forces convinced her that since adult females could make the work of work forces. adult females should besides hold the right to vote. She was brave. intelligent and faced ridicule by people who believed a woman’s topographic point was in the place. As a immature widow she began talking and working for women’s right to vote. She joined the Iowa Woman’s Suffrage Association. She replaced Susan B. Anthony in 1900 as the president of National American Woman Suffrage Association and served in the place for four old ages. In 1915 she became president of the national association for the 2nd clip. During this clip Catt led the run for women’s right to vote with a federal amendment to the U. S. Constitution. As an organiser and a strategian she turned the National American Woman Suffrage Association from slackly run local organisations into a tightly knit political machine. Carrie Chapman Catt’s leading kept the cause of women’s right to vote alive through her Hagiographas and addresss. â€Å"Resistance to tyranny is obeisance to God. † . What does this quotation mark mean?The tribunal asked Anthony if she had anything to state before the sentence of her test was to be read. Anthony responded that she had a great many things to state. and declared that in her test every rule of justness had been violated. She argued that every right had been denied and that she had had no test by her equals. Anthony went on to state that the tribunal and jurymans were her political higher-ups and non her equals. and announced her finding to go on her labours until equality was obtained. She found that her test was an illustration of the authoritiess tyranny and decided that her mission for women’s rights were fueled by a higher power and should non be ignored.

South West Airlines Analysis

Introduction All business organizations operate in a dynamic environment that keeps on changing from time to time. This environment refers to all the elements that exist either outside or within the organization that affect the organization both positively and negatively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on South West Airlines Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, for an organization to ensure its continued survival, it has to adapt accordingly to these changes. Failure to which, it risks collapse. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze ways in which an organization can implement changes so as to ensure its survival. Southwest airlines will be used as a case study for better understanding. Changes That Could Occur Every business, irrespective of the industry in which it operates, faces the risk of change in the business environmental conditions. Some of these changes may be due to; changes in technology, political instability, terrorist threats, natural disasters, rising prices of energy, changes in consumer preferences, increased costs of production and many more. However, since this case study is in the airline industry, only a number of those mentioned above will be applicable. Southwest Airlines is a renowned airline in Dallas which, due to the recent upheaval in the business environment, has had to come up with measures to ensure that it remains in business. It is one of the few businesses that have managed to make profits despite the constant changes (Kathleen, 2008). Before going into detail, it is critical to analyze the problems that the airline industry encountered as a whole. Being an industry that heavily relies on energy, it is, therefore, normal that the fluctuating prices in energy, specifically oil, will be a significant set back. Fluctuating oil prices have been an enormous headache to the economy as a whole. In the airline industry, a rise in oil price s means a subsequent rise in fuel prices. Airlines are, therefore, forced to transfer these increasing costs to passengers through increased air fare. As a result of this vicious cycle, airlines have been experiencing low demand for their services hence reduced revenues as compared to increased unit costs. Another significant problem has been the rising inflation rates which have led to a general and persistent increase in the prices of labor, airport cost and maintenance costs. The current weather conditions have also been a dominant problem. It has led to losses in revenue in the airline industry due to cancellations in flights emanating from poor visibility. Others include increased competition within the industry and rising unit costs.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Measures Taken by Southwest Airlines With this in mind, we shall now concentrate on the measures that southwest airlines have taken so as to ensure continued growth, profitability and customer satisfaction. One of the effective measures taken that has seen Southwest Airlines emerge as one of the most profitable firms in the United States is the low air fares that it offers compared to its competitors. Southwest Airlines, unlike its competitors, chose to stick to charging lower rates despite the low demand of airline services by customers without compromising the quality of services offered. By using this strategy, it aimed at increasing the number of people who chose to fly with the airline despite the reduced demand. This has seen them increase their revenues as more people opt to fly with them especially in these hard economic times as opposed to their competitors (Kathleen, 2008). To ensure its survival and its continued market dominance, Southwest airlines also introduced new products, which included the â€Å"early bird check in†, and a package that allowed passeng ers to travel with their pets at an affordable rate. The â€Å"early bird check in† gives passengers the luxury of checking-in in advance. These new products have contributed to increased revenues, due to an increase in the number of passengers using the airline as it has given them an edge over other airlines. To deal with the increasing rise in costs, the airline, instead of downsizing in the normal way, the airline has come up with a plan that gives the employees an option to retire earlier than they are required by law. This move has worked to their advantage as a number of employees have welcomed this plan. This has enabled the company to reduce the number of employees to a reasonable size without causing any conflict between senior management and lower level employees. This has also ensured that the employees remain loyal and highly motivated towards their work (Hewlett, 2006). The airline, in these turbulent business environmental conditions, has given great importance to financial management. It has done this by ensuring that it maintains healthy cash balances by constantly looking at a new way to generate revenue. It has also resorted to selling and leasing some of its aircrafts as a way of raising more money to cater for the rising unit costs. The airline is also keen on maintaining a minimum level of debt so as to reduce chances of insolvency. Due to the ever changing consumer behavior and preferences, the airline has introduced a range of new products so as to enhance customer loyalty and attract new customers. Some of these products were mentioned above.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on South West Airlines Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They include the â€Å"early bird check in†, the package that allows passengers to travel with pets, and an internet package that allows passengers to browse while on board, a Wi-Fi enabled aircraft and not char ging the passengers for their luggage. This has seen an increased market share and has warded off some of competition from other airlines (Hall, 2008). In these turbulent business environmental conditions, the airline recognizes that it does not have enough capital at its disposal and has, therefore, taken to postponing the expansion of the airline. It has instead identified the unprofitable areas in the business and ceased their operations with the aim of transferring this man power to areas that are more profitable. This has led to a significant increase in the airline’s revenues. It should, however, be noted that there are certain elements that are beyond an organization’s control. In our case, they include; natural disasters, unfavorable weather, for example, the recent case of snow which has seen many airlines cancel their flights and lose billions of dollars in revenues, and political instability (Yilmaz, 2008). Kotter’s Eight Step Change Model One can use Kotter’s eight step change model to describe the changes that have been implemented by the airline. Kotter’s model recommends that the first step to change is dependent on the top management identifying the need for change and subsequently creating pressure and urgency for the change to occur. With respect to this, it is clear that the management of the airline identified the current turbulent business environment conditions and quickly created the urgency and need for change as they realized that change was necessary if they were to thrive in the airline industry. The second step in this model is to educate and communicate the need for change to other subordinate employees so as to minimize chances of resistance in the implementation stage (Global Literacy Foundation, 2010). Based on the successes of the strategies that the airline implemented, it can therefore be said that they successfully carried out the second step of Kotter’s model of change. Kotter then goes on to give the third step as generating ideas or coming up with a vision. This idea or vision could be a model or a concept that could be implemented by the organization. In the case of the airline, the changes that were implemented in the end were the ideas that were generated in this step (Global Literacy Foundation, 2010). Some of them include; the introduction of new products by the airline, sticking to their low air fares policy, coming up with the voluntary early retirement policy and many more.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth step is communicating the ideas to every one in the organization to allow for debating and also to ensure that everyone in the organization is involved and catered for so as to avoid future resistance especially in the implementation stages. Still, given the success of the changes that were implemented by the airline, it can be safely assumed that this step was also carried out successfully (Hewlett, 2006). The fifth step, according to Kotter involves eliminating the objects or the people who are resisting the change. This can be done through educating the people who are resisting the change and allowing them to air their grievances. The organization should also ensure that the leaders in charge of supervising are qualified for the jobs. This step still falls in the planning stages of Kotter’s model for change and, therefore, we can only assume that it was a success for the airline given that they were able to see their visions and ideas to the end. The sixth step according to Kotter is to create short term goals which are achievable. It should be noted that it is of vital importance for these short term goals to be achieved by the organization. Failure to achieve these goals will only prove the critics and the people resistant to the change right. This will in turn make it very difficult for the organization to progress with its plans hence making it vulnerable to failure. It is also a very important step as the achievement of short term goals motivates the employees of the organization (Hall, 2008). Southwest Airlines in light of this ensured that they put in place short term goals. These goals were in the form of quarterly reports, which were supposed to show the airline’s progress in terms of it financial position, its market share, its efficiency in managing its finances and whether its aim to reduce capital spending had been achieved. The seventh step entails seeking to improve the changes already realized through the short term goals. This plays a key role of ensuring that the organization remains keen on continued growth and improvement. Using the Southwest Airlines as an example, it can be seen that the airline did not stop at the successes that were achieved as shown by their quarter year reports. They went the extra mile and looked for more ways in which they could improve the changes already implemented. They did this by looking for more products that they could offer the passengers, more ways of raising more capital that they could use for other profitable ventures (Yilmaz, 2008). The last step according to Kotter’s model is reinforcing and implementing the change into the organization. It is the responsibility of management to ensure that the changes are accepted and internalized by everyone in the organization. This step requires the change to be introduced on a large scale level, with the result being its absorption into all parts of the organization. In addition to the reinforcement, there should be a regular follow up of the changes that have been implemented, so as to ensure that things continue to run smoothly and also to provide room for improvement. Using the Southwest Airlines as an example, it can be noted that these changes were reinforced and they became a part of the airline. Some of these changes have largely contributed to the airline’s success (Yilmaz, 2008). It can be seen that the airline made the strategy for charging low air fares a part of it and the airline even became popular because of this. In addition, it adapted a plan that gave its employee the option of leaving employment voluntarily even before they had reached the proper retirement age. This brought about a culture of respect among the employees and management. The new products that were introduced by the Southwest Airlines for example â€Å"the early bird check in†, the package that allowed passengers to travel with pets and the package that made it possible for passengers t o access the internet also became a part of the organization. The importance that the Southwest airlines attached to proper financial management also became a part of the organization (Hewlett, 2006). The Effectiveness of the Changes Implemented by the Southwest Airlines Every organization is always faced with a dilemma when it comes to change. This is because of the uncertainties that change brings with it. However from the above analysis, it is evident that for an organization to survive in the current turbulent times, change is inevitable. The effectiveness of the changes implemented by the Southwest Airlines can be seen in their annual reports. The airline’s returns have greatly improved despite the current poor economic conditions. The company recorded losses in the first quarter. However, the airline was able to turn this around and report profits unlike it competitors. The effectiveness of these changes can also be seen as passengers have increasingly become more loyal to the airline compared to others. The airline has also recorded an increase in new passengers who now prefer the airline as opposed to other airlines (Hall, 2008). Southwest airlines have also experienced a reduction in operating costs due to the measures that it put in place to curb the rising costs of operation for example the postponement of expanding the airline, introducing a voluntary retirement scheme for the employees, and looking for different ways to deal with the rising energy costs. Due to its insistence on the need for proper financial management, the airline has been able to maintain very low levels of debts hence eliminating the possibility of insolvency. It has also been able to find new and innovative ways to improve its liquidity position. Therefore, when all is said and done, the changes that the Southwest Airlines implemented have been more effective than disadvantageous (Kathleen, 2008). References Global Literacy Foundation. (2010). Kotter’s 8-Step Cha nge Model. Web. Hall, A. (2008). Organizational Pay Analysis: A Case Study of Southwest Airlines. Web. Hewlett, R. (2006). The Cognitive leader. London: Rowman Littlefield Pub Inc. Kathleen, B. H. (2008). From Analyst to Leader: Elevating the Role of the Business Analyst Management Concepts. London: Free Press. Yilmaz, A.K. (2008). The Corporate Sustainability Model for Airline Business. Web. This research paper on South West Airlines Analysis was written and submitted by user Bryce Wheeler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The House on Mango Street †Literature Essay

The House on Mango Street – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers The House on Mango Street Literature Essay Norman Vincent Pearle, An American Protestant Clergyman and Writer, states, â€Å"One of the greatest moments in anybodys developing experience is when he no longer tries to hide from himself but determines to get acquainted with himself as he really is†. Esperanza Cordero lives in Mango Street a barren and ravaged vicinity, where she discovers the hard veracity of existence, the social economical class and gender. Esperanza is faced with numerous obstacles’, such as her apparition of racial antagonism, and the mysteries of her emotional thoughts and sexuality. Living in Mango Street changes the perception of Esperanza from a credulous child into a blossomed and mature young woman. Esperanza is mainly influenced by her; neighborhood, socioeconomic status, and family. Esperanza’s neighborhood is fundamentally the main aspect of her identity. In the novel, House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros, claims, â€Å"The Laundromat downstairs has been boarded up because it had been robbed two days before† (Cisneros 4-5). Even though the Laundromat had been robbed, Esperanza is not bothered by it, knowing that her neighborhood is ghastly, she is used to it. The robbing of the Laundromat is a significant event, which idealizes the type of neighborhood Esperanza resides in. In the chapter, â€Å"Those Who Don’t†, Esperanza describes her neighbor as, â€Å"All brown all around† (Cisneros 28). What Esperanza means by â€Å"All brown all around†, is that their all similar inhabitants who live in her neighborhood, which explains Esperanza’s identity. The race of Esperanza’s neighborhood is a significant detail in Esperanza’s neighborhood because it identifies what people assume of Mango Street. Another effect on Esperanza’s Identity is her socioeconomic status. Sandra Cisneros, Author of, The House on Mango Street, states, â€Å"Before we lived in Mango Street we lived in Keller† (Cisneros 3). Esperanza’s moving from place to place, describes the socioeconomic status, though Esperanza does not like moving a lot, it is due to the families financial status. Esperanza is affected by moving from one place to another, because getting used to a new area is not a fast experience. Esperanza’s socioeconomic status is a negative influence because the house on Mango Street was not the house, Esperanza’s father described. In the chapter, â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, Esperanza states how the nun pointed at her house and said, â€Å"You live there?† (Cisneros 4-5). Esperanza was hurt when she realized that the nun was surprised at the state she lives in, due to her socioeconomic status. This impacted Esperanza’s Self-esteem and knew that living wasn’t Mango Street was not temporary. The Final element of identity that describes Esperanza is her family. Sandra Cisneros, the author of House on Mango Street, exclaims, â€Å"Until then I am a red balloon, a balloon tied to an anchor† (Cisneros 9). What Esperanza means is that her little sister is getting in the way of her finding friends, since she has to take Nenny everywhere she goes. Elaborating on the balloon tied on to the anchor, Esperanza could mean that the string is the symbol of their family. Esperanza is affected by her family in the chapter â€Å"House on Mango Street†, when all family member have to live in one bedroom. This say a lot thing about Esperanza’s as family member, because taking care of Nenny isn’t enough, she has to share a room with all her family member, which shows a lot of persistence and determination. Esperanza loved her family and always wonders how she belonged in a family like her, but she knew there was a reason why she was there. In conclusion, Esperanza’s attitude changed as the novel went on she experienced many difficulties, but she managed to overcome these obstacles and still thrive. Esperanza’s identity is influenced mainly by her; neighborhood, socioeconomic status and family. Living in Mango Street was a challenge for Esperanza at first, but coming towards events like being raped at the carnal to being kissed by an old man on his birthday all changed her perspective and gave her a new clear vision of her surrounding, At the end of the novel Esperanza wasn’t a credulous or naà ¯ve anymore, she was educated and ready to leave Mango Street, a Street she will always remember. As the great Pablo Picasso said, â€Å"Inspiration does exist, it must find you working† Work Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Book, 1984. Research Papers on The House on Mango Street - Literature EssayUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMind TravelThe Spring and Autumn

UAV history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UAV history - Essay Example In World War 2, Nazis developed revenge weapon 1, a UAV that could be used in fighting targets not meant for the military. It could move at a speed of 804km/h, and carry 907 kilos of explosives. In 1960s and 70s, US used AQM-34 Ryan to fly more than 34000 surveillance flights. It was a type of UAV that could be launched form a host plane and had operators controlling it within that plane. The US also used lightning bugs a type of UAV that was released from an airborne C-130s for several missions over china and Vietnam. In late 1970s and 80s, Israel came up with the scout and pioneer which may be a representative of the modern type of UAV used today. It was capable of transmitting live video with a view of 360 degrees [2]. Due to their small size, these UAVs were cost effective to produce and difficult to shoot them. USA acquired them from Israel and used them in the gulf war. In the 20th century, the development of the predator drone saw the UAVs remain in the war front. One example is the MQ-1 predator that was useful in the warfront and is still crucial even

Yosemite Overcrowding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yosemite Overcrowding - Essay Example Tourism should exist in such a manner that it will not destroy what it is trying to serve. This is morally right. On the contrast, overcrowding in national parks does not save the park environment. This is morally wrong and leads to pollution, soil erosion, vandalism, deterioration of infrastructure in the park, and promotes global warming in the park. In addition, the pursuit of economic gains by allowing overcrowding, at the expense of environmental preservation is morally wrong. Yosemite National Park is one of the national parks in the U.S. that are faced with great overcrowding. The Yosemite Valley was set aside by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864 for preservation (Hayes Web). Since then, people have had the opportunity to enjoy recreation and amenities that have enhanced their experience in Yosemite Valley. However, this privilege faces a threat due to the major problem of overcrowding in the park. Overcrowding is known to have detrimental effects on any park and the environment. In Yosemite Park, there are only 1,100 parking spaces. However, there are more than 8,000 cars that pass through the Yosemite Valley (Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center Web). The large number of people visiting this people puts a strain on the resources in the park. For instance, this has led to degradation of the park air, a lack of parking, and straining on the Merced River (The New York Times Web). There is therefore, need to regulate the public access to the park in order to enhance conservation of the Yosemite Valley. The problem of overcrowding in national parks is a major ethical issue. This is mainly because it is the right of people to visit parks and experience nature. Therefore, stopping people visiting parks in order to avoid overcrowding would be infringing on their rights, which is morally wrong. Nonetheless, it is possible for the management of parks to reach an ethical decision that will ensure that overcrowding in

The Australian Health care system is founded on the concept of equity Essay

The Australian Health care system is founded on the concept of equity of access. Discuss this statement with relation to the con - Essay Example (Braveman, 2003). Identification of those people can be made through the use of census data using the criteria such as geographic, socio economic, epidemiological or clinical or through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) or ambulatory care sensitive condition hospital admission data (Muecke, 2010). Australian initiatives The National Health and Hospital Reform Commission (2008) and the National Health Performance Framework (2004) have given rise to the following principles for delivering improved healthcare to rural and remote populations. Accordingly, the services should 1) be accessible and equitable in that services should be need based and payable consistent with paying capacity. 2) be needs based and should be sensitive to cultural differences, cultural diversity and choices 3) ensure early intervention aimed at maintaining wellness, prevention of illness and achieving optimal health. 4) aim at comprehensives of services through coordinated services of diverse spe cialists in the wake of incidence of chronic diseases, 5) ensure safety and quality of health care which should be appropriate, in time and effective consistent with the best available evidence, 6) be efficient by minimising cost and maximising value, 7) be sustainable and 8) be based on the principle of accountability (Humphreys & Wakerman, n.d ). The Final report June 2009 of the health reform commission towards a better health for all Australians by tackling major access and equity issues prioritises five issues towards that end. 1) First, to improve the health outcomes for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 2) Second, mental health care to be improved. 3) Third, to extend support for those living in remote and rural areas. 4) Fourth, improved access to dental health care. And 5) Fifth, Quicker access to health care in public hospitals (DepartmentOfHealthandAgeing, 2009). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. This long neglected segment of the Australia n population has caught the attention of the policy makers who have made determined efforts to give the top most priority for better health care delivery to these people. The Australian government have publicly apologised to these people. The intensity and sincerity of purpose to improve health outcomes to the First Australians living in isolation both in rural and urban areas have been unprecedented. Towards this end, a separate authority of National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Authority (NATSIHA) has been formed. All the funding are aggregated and entrusted to this authority which is expected to utilise the funds for purchasing and commissioning the best available health care services. The services are expected to be effective, of high quality, appropriate to their culture and to meet the needs of these populations with a focus of the family and community of each member. Health care delivery does not mean treating illness alone. In order to promote their well bein g, their low nutrition intake has been targeted to be improved so as to close the health gap among these people. As a part of this initiative, vegetable and fruits hitherto unavailable to them owing to their remoteness are to be made available at their places of living at affordable prices (DepartmentOfHealthandAgeing, 2009). Serious mental illness The next priority has been accorded to

Influence of Al3+ Addition on Activated Sludge

Influence of Al3+ Addition on Activated Sludge Influence of Al3+ addition on the flocculation and sedimentation of activated sludge: Comparison of single and multiple dosing patterns Mariam Touati Abstract In this research, single and multiple dosing of Al3+ were used to study the flocculation and sedimentation of activated sludge (AS). It was found that in the single Al3+ dosing condition; sludge flocculation is improved but sedimentation is declined. Adding the same amount of Al3+ during multiple dosing attained a similar reduction in turbidity. Interaction energy had a major role during single dosing conditions, whereas multiple dosing was mostly effective in reducing EPS content; this is regarding the differences in the performance of flocculation. Introduction The widely most used process for wastewater treatment is the activated sludge (AS) system. The water quality of the sewerage is affected in a large way by the solid-liquid separation in the system, which depends efficient sludge flocculation and sedimentation. 70% 90% of the secondary clarifiers in the AS systems however have encountered solid-liquid separation issues. Two of the main causers of these issues are the reproduction of filamentous bacteria and deficient sludge flocculation. Dosing of flocculants is one of the most effective solution to poor flocculation performance. Cations act as flocculants when added to wastewater and ease flocculation. High cation concentration helps improve biological flocculation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) consist of polysaccharides, proteins, humic compounds, and other cellular ingredients. EPS is considered an important component of AS flocs. They play a major role in maintaining AS flocs structure and function. In most of the cases, dense, strong, and large flocs are desirable for AS settling and compaction. AS flocs have microorganisms in addition to organic and inorganic particles ingrained in the EPS, and the suspended solids accumulate into them. By bridging with multivalent cations, EPS is able to bind to the microbial cells, which are likely to have an influence on the EPS content in the system. An increase in monovalent cations in the AS declines sludge properties and damages floc, while addition of multivalent cations improves sludge flocculation. It was found that, compared to monovalent and bivalent cations, trivalent cations help improve flocculation performance of the AS under both wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and laboratory conditions. In the present study, Al3+ was added to AS systems according to single and multiple dosing patterns, and a concentration gradient was set under single dosing conditions. The research objectives were as follows: To investigate the influence of Al3+ dosage on AS flocculation and sedimentation. To determine the more efficient dosing pattern. To reveal the mechanisms governing the influence of Al3+ on AS flocculation and sedimentation. Material and methods AS cultivation The AS used in this study was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) numbered R-S (single dosing) and R-M (multiple dosing), and each had a working volume of 4 L. The following steps were taken: Each reactor was supplied with a paddle mixer, which operates at 100 rads/min, and that is to prevent the AS from settling. To maintain the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the range of 2-3 mg/L, air was added. sludge retention time (SRT) was controlled around 10 d. The temperatures were kept at 22  ±1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °c in the reactors. The SBRs were working at a cycle time of 12 h, and 2 cycles were performed each day. The time used for filling, aerating, settling and decanting was 20, 640, 40 and 20 minutes respectively. Both the influent and effluent volumes per cycle were maintained at 2 L. Tap water was used to synthesize the artificial wastewater. Glucose, NH4Cl and KH2PO4 were used as sources of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) respectively. The relative proportion of chemical oxygen demand (COD), N and P (COD: N: P ratio) in the influent was maintained at 100: 5: 1, with the COD concentration at 700  ± 30 mg/L. Al3+ dosing test Single dosing test The AS in reactor R-S was cultivated without adding Al3+ in the influent. 500 mL of AS sample were added into 5 identical 250 mL beakers, each receiving 100 mL, to which a different Al3+ dosage was added. The Al3+ dosages were 0.125, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 meq/L, respectively, in beakers designated as S-0.125, S-0.5, S-1.0, S-1.5, respectively. No Al3+ was added into beaker S-0, which was the blank control of the experiment. All of the Al3+ in the single dosing test was added once. At 50 rad/min for 5 min then 117 rad/min for 5 min, the samples were mixed. Multiple dosing test In this test, Al3+ at a concentration 0.1 meq/L was added to the influent of reactor R-M and introduced to the reactor in each operation cycle. The mixing pattern was in accordance with single dosing test. EPS extraction protocol A 25-mL sample of AS suspension was centrifuged at 6000 g for 10 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, and the supernatant that was carefully collected was bulk solution. A NaCl solution with the same conductivity as the AS sample was prepared; then it was applied to re-suspend the AS material in the tube. Immediately, the AS suspension was oscillated by a vortex mixer for 1 min and then sheared using an ultrasonication instrument at 0.4 W/mL for 30 sec. The suspension was centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, and the supernatant was collected as LB-EPS. The AS sample left in the tube was re-suspended to its original volume of 25 mL with the NaCl solution, and then oscillated for 1 min and sheared at 0.5 W/mL for 1 min. Subsequently, the suspended sample was centrifuged at 4000 g for 15 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, from which the supernatant collected was TB-EPS, and the AS sample left in the tube was the pellet. The final step, the bulk solution, LB-EPS and TB-EPS extracted were filtrated through a 0.45 micro-meter cellulose acetate membrane. Analytical technique The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the bulk solution, LB-EPS and TB-EPS were determined using a TOC/TN analyzer. The Al3+ concentrations in the bulk solution were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. After settling for 30 min, 100 mL of AS suspension were suctioned and transferred into a graduated cylinder for measuring the SVI. The turbidity of the supernatant was measured. The total interaction energy of AS was measured and calculated. Results and discussions Basic characteristics of the AS system Influence of Al3+ on AS interaction energy Single dosing According to the total interaction energy curves of the single dosing test, the energy barrier and Al3+ concentration are inversely proportional, as in, the energy barrier decreased as the Al3+ concentration increased. Comparison between single and multiple dosing patterns Multiple Al3+ dosing compressed the double electrical layers through charge neutralization. In addition to zeta potential, other factors also had an effect on AS flocculation, which reimbursed the relatively weak zeta potential reduction following multiple Al3+ dosing and ultimately equilibrated the effluent turbidities. Other factors contributed to the lower turbidity related to multiple Al3+ dosing. These observations suggested that the investigation should not be restricted to zeta potential only, and that the total interaction energy should also be taken into consideration. Multiple Al3+ dosing can promote AS flocculation by compressing the double electrical layers. It was found out that clarifying how dosing patterns affects flocculation performance in terms of total interaction energy is relatively difficult. To evaluate the influence of Al3à ¾ on AS flocculation, the role of EPS, besides that of interaction energy, must be examined. Influence of Al3+ on the EPS content Single dosing test High EPS content could worsen sludge flocculation. Sludge flocs become denser and more compact with Al3+ addition. LB-EPS play an important role in the formation of AS flocs But, an excess of LB-EPS might have a negative effect on the bonding of cells and could deteriorate the floc structure, eventually causing undesirable solid-liquid separation. EPS and supernatant turbidity decrease as Al3+ dosage increased. High LB-EPS content may result in high water content in the sludge flocs, leading to worsened sludge compactness and increased floc porosity, all causing poor flocculation The addition of Al3+ was found to lighten AS flocculation by counteracting the negative effect of LB-EPS. Al3+ reduces the suspended solids in the supernatant and improves effluent turbidity. Comparison between single and multiple dosing Both the LB-EPS and TB-EPS contents that were extracted in the multiple dosing test were much lower than those extracted in the single dosing test. Which means that in the multiple dosing test, Al3+ augmented effectively the densification of sludge through the ion bridging effect. Single dosing of Al3+ shown greater effect on the interaction energy, whereas multiple dosing of Al3+ reduced the EPS content more effectively. The eventual flocculation performances achieved by the two dosing patterns were equal. Al3+ distribution characteristics in the AS Distribution characteristics As the single dose increased the Al 3+ concentration found in the sludge increased as well. Because of Al 3+ high charge valence and solubility, almost all of it dosed constrained with the sludge. Therefore, no Al 3+ was found in the bulk solution. The amount of negative charges in different sludge components is in the following sequence: pellet > TBEPS > LB-EPS. No Al3+ could be detected in sludge components other than the pellet when the single dosage was less than 0.125 meq/L. When equal amounts of Al 3+ was added during single and multiple dosing, the Al 3+ accumulations in the sludge were similar, the Al 3+ spreading in different sludge components were different. As seen in figure 2. Al3+ could be detected in the bulk solution in the multiple dosing test, but not in the single dosing test. According to all these findings, it was concluded that the bonding capacity between Al 3+ and the sludge was different with the dosing pattern. Single dosing Single Al3+ dosage and the amount of Al3+ in the pellet are directly proportional, as the first increased the second increases as well, respectively. This caused an increase in the sludge flocs density and a decrease in the content of suspended solids, which leads to the improvement of effluent turbidity. Comparison between single and multiple dosing Pellet Al 3+ concentration has an essential positive effect on sludge flocculation. The time for the reaction between multivalent cations and the AS is critical to flocculation performance. The decrease in the sludge surface charges declined due to the increased Al3+ accumulation in the pellet. Influence of Al3+ on AS settleability Single dosing A higher single dosage of flocculant could increase the nucleation rate and the amount of small aggregates, and through the bridging function, it strengthen the interaction energy among the organics on the sludge surface. Comparison between single and multiple dosing EPS content has a significant effect on sludge settleability. Both sludge flocculation and sedimentation were enhanced by multiple additions of Al3+. Al3+ achieved floc densification by the constant recognition of the sludge structure as well as removing water. The key difference between the two dosing patterns was the variation in the reaction time. Engineering significance In case of the failure of AS flocculation and/or sedimentation in waste water treatment process (WWTP), a solution could be to add flocculants only once. Multiple dosing, which is continuous addition of flocculants in WWTPs, extends the reaction time and at the same time promotes flocculation and sedimentation performances. Therefore, it is preferable that the concentrations of multivalent cations in the pellet, in a practical operational procedure, be continuously monitored and observed; where as soon as these concentrations decrease, low concentration of flocculants must be added continuously, in order to maintain the flocculation and sedimentation of the sludge. Conclusion Sludge flocculation and turbidity elimination ware enhanced when the single dosing increased, whereas sludge sedimentation deteriorated. Better sludge sedimentation was accomplished with multiple dosing, even though there was no big difference in the reduction of turbidity between single and multiple dosing. Regarding reducing the interaction energy barrier, single dosing was more adequate, while in terms of decreasing the EPS content, multiple dosing was more effective.

Essays --

Role of Open Design in Engineering â€Å"Before I start teaching you all Industrial Revolution, I have a question?†. My history teacher drifted towards the blackboard and wrote - â€Å"Who invented the Steam Engine?† I raised my hand promptly. â€Å"Yes, Ankit.† I stood up - â€Å"James Watt, maam!† â€Å"You are correct. It was the invention of Steam Engine by James Watt that changed the world and led to the industrial revolution.† I gave a equanimous smile and took my seat. Boldrin and Levine mentioned in their book Against Intellectual Monopoly how James Watt got the idea of allowing steam to expand and condense in separate containers while repairing a small Newcomen steam engine. In 1768, he applied for a patent on the idea after doing a series of improvements. He spent the next six months working hard to obtain his patent, made an alliance with the rich industrialist Matthew Boulton and even secured an act of Parliament extending his patent until the year 1800. In the name of economic freedom, the great statesman Edmund Burke spoke eloquently in Parliament against the creation of this unnecessary ...

Jose Rizal First Travel Abroad

Chapter 4- Rizal’s First Travel Abroad Rizal’s Departure * May 3, 1882 Rizal left the Philippines boarded the spanish steamer SS Salvadora bound for Singapore. * Rizal’s Departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the spanish authorities and the friars. Even his own parents did not know because he knew they would not allow him to go, especially his mother. * The captain of the ship was Donato Lecha from Austria. * May 9, 1882 Salvadora Docked in Singapore. * May 11,1882 Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, A French Vessel for Europe. May 17, 1882 Djemnah Reach Point Galle A seacoast town in Southern Ceylon (Now Sri Lanka). * The following day the Djemnah weighed anchor and resumed the voyage towards Colombo, The capital of Ceylon. * From Colombo the Djemnah continued the voyage crossing Indian Ocean to the Cape of Guardufui, Africa. Which Rizal called â€Å" Inhospitable land but famous†. * The next stopover was in Aden. He was amused t o see the camels for the first time. * From Aden, the Djemnah continued to voyage to the city of Suez.He saw the Suez Canal for the first time and he was thrilled to saw it, in which was built by Ferdinand De Lesseps ( A French Diplomat Engineer). * June 11,1882 The ship docked at Naples an Italian City, He was fascinated by Mt. Vesivius, The Castle of St. Telmo. * On the night of June 12,1882 the steamer docked at Marseilles. He visited the Famous Chateau D’if where Dantes is a hero of the Count of Monte Cristo from Alexander Dumas novel. * Travelling from train he crossed the Pyreness, stopped for a day at frontier town of Port Bou. After the passport inspection at Port Bou, Rizal arrived at Barcelona. Arrival in Barcelona * June 16,1882 Rizal arrived in Barcelona. * His first impression of Barcelona was unfavorable but it changed and he began to like the city because of its atmospheric of freedom and liberalism. * He wrote an essay entitled â€Å"Amor Patrio† (Love of the country), Rizal sent this article to Basilio Teodoro Moran (Publisher of Diariong Tagalog). Rizal’s studied in Madrid * Rizal followed the advice of his older brother Paciano to finish his medical course in Madrid in the fall of 1882. He enrolled a course: Medicine and Philosophy & Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid at the same time he studied paintings and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando. * Rizal economized his daily expenses until he was able to buy second hand books and built a fair size library of his own. * During his first summer vacation, Rizal decided to visit Paris on June 17. 1883 to August 20,1883. Rizal Joins Masonry * March 1883 Rizal joined Masonic Lodge called ACACIA in Madrid and became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890. Luna and Hidalgo’s Triumph * After 2 years in Spain things went wrong in Philippines. Rizal experienced financial problems due to calamities happened. * Rizal monthly allowance were delayed, ther e were a times that he missed meals during the day. * A touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid occurred on June 24, 1884, Because he was broke, he was unable to take breakfast that day. With an empty stomach, he attended class at the university and participated in the contest in Greek Language and he won the gold medal. * In the evening of the same day, he was able to eat dinner because he was a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrecion at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.Completion of Rizal studies. * Rizal completed his Medical Course in Spain on June 21,1884 * Nov. 20-22, 1884 Rizal involved in student demonstration caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta proclaiming â€Å" The Freedom of Science and The Teacher†. Rizal in Germany and His Practice of Ophthalmology * Rizal chose to specialize in Ophthalmology because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment. * Nov. 1885, Rizal living in Paris for 4 months and he worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert until Feb. 1886. * Because of his homesickness he wrote a fine poem â€Å" A las flores de Heidelberg† (To the flowers of Heidelberg).

The Creative Penn Has Much to Offer Writers

The Creative Penn Has Much to Offer Writers If you are a writer looking for information about the process of planning, writing, publishing and marketing your book, The Creative Penn is an excellent resource. In fact, it was voted one of the top 100 sites for writers by Writers Digest and offers over 1,000 articles and 100+ hours of audio and podcast information, as well as multiple downloads and bonus material. As the mastermind behind the website, Joanna Penn is an award-nominated, New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of thrillers under the penname J.F. Penn and offers valuable advice through several free and paid resources available on the website.Navigating the siteWith easy-to-navigate links and enough white space to make the text-heavy site readable, The Creative Penn suggests that visitors start here with a page full of great resources for novice and expert writers alike. At the top of the page, Penn offers her free eBook and video series, Author 2.0 Blueprint, in which she shares everything you need to write, publish and market your book, as well as how to become an author-entrepreneur. Her websites visitors will need to provide and confirm their email address to download the free resource.WritingNext on the sites navigation is a link to Penns free resources on writing and editing. On this page, she offers articles and tips based on the following topics:How to Write Fiction: 7 Steps to Write Your NovelHow to Write a Non-Fiction BookHow to Find Time to WriteHow to Find and Capture Ideas for your NovelHow to Research your Book and When to StopSelf-doubt and Imposter SyndromeYou Have PermissionOn Writing and The Fear of JudgmentWhat is your Definition of Success as a Writer?How to Write More and Create A Daily Writing HabitHow to Use Dictation to Write Faster and Become a Healthier WriterProductivity for Writers: 5 Ways to Become More Productive5 Ways to Get Your First Draft Material Out of Your Head and Onto the Page8 Ways Scrivener Will Help You Become a Proficient WriterUsing Different Author Names or a Pseudonym as a WriterEditing, Revisions and Proofreading: What Happens After the First Draft?How to Find and Work with a Professional EditorTutorial: How to Improve your Writing with GrammarlyMy list of Recommended EditorsAfter following some of the links along this extensive list, I found a wealth of information on all aspects of writing and locating the right professional editor for your work. I particularly enjoyed the information she provides on setting goals and deadlines for yourself to stay productive as a writer and get more accomplished in less time. Many of the links also show videos of the author and guide the reader toward additional resources (both free and paid) that are available online and through Amazon.Self-PublishingThe next page full of links on The Creative Penn relates to self-publishing. In this section, the topics she goes into in depth include:Self-Publishing Overview and TipsPros and Cons of Traditional vs. Self-publishing5 Important Steps Before You Self-PublishWhat is Your Definition of Success? How Will you Measure it?How to Self-Publish an EbookHow to Format an Ebook and a Print Book with VellumThe Pros and Cons of Exclusivity with AmazonHow to Self-Publish a Print BookHow to Self-Publish an AudiobookHow to Record Your Own AudiobookWhat if you need help self-publishing? How to Find the Best Service and Avoid Getting Ripped OffSell More Books with Boxsets and BundlingTurn your Non-Fiction Book into a WorkbookHow Much Does It Cost to Self-Publish?Successful Self-Publishing Tips with Joanna Penn and Mark DawsonTop 5 Mistakes of Indie Authors and How to Avoid ThemThis section contains anything and everything you could ever want to know about how to self-publish your book, including information on recording your own audiobook and creating a workbook for your nonfiction book. I especially liked watching the videos she includes on many of these links, such as this one.Its obvious from Penns easygoing instruction and exp ertise that she knows what shes talking about when it comes to writing and publishing a book, and its nice to have a sort of insiders glance at the world of self-publishing from someone who has done it often and become successful at it.MarketingThe marketing section of the blog is where Penns expertise really shows. In the first part, she discusses the basics and prerequisites for author marketing success, followed by the polarities of book marketing and where you sit on the scale, the book marketing mindset for authors, when to start marketing your book and how to balance your time.She follows that section with topics such as how to attract readers with a great book sales description, how to choose the right categories and keywords for your book, pricing books and offering free copies, using author pseudonyms, using box-sets and bundling, and writing a series.Following this, she offers a great tutorial on how to build your author website in under 30 minutes. Having set up websites on my own and knowing the amount of work that goes into it (especially for a website design newbie), I decided to pay special attention to this section. As with other articles on her blog, Penn offers helpful resources such as a YouTube video and a free downloadable PDF to help authors set up their sites. She even offers a discounted affiliate link through BlueHost.com, which is the hosting platform she suggests for other authors.Its important to keep in mind that to build the website in 30 minutes, as Penn suggests is possible, you have to have a blog already set up on WordPress. Her instructions include a WordPress plugin through Blue Host that allows your WordPress site to basically transfer over. So yes, Im sure this can be done in 30 minutes but if an author is starting from scratch (without a blog already published on WordPress), they should not expect the site to be done within that timeframe.From an online marketing perspective, Penns advice on building and maintaining email lists for steady income includes a case study showing how she grew her own email list as and author. This particular resource is chock full of helpful advice on some of the finer points of automating email marketing campaigns. Penn explains that she went 603 people on her email list in November 2014 to 2,255 in January 2015 following this series of steps, which she clearly lays out for her reader. From a marketing perspective, I found the content to be extremely helpful to decode some of the confusion around email marketing campaigns and their usefulness.EntrepreneurIf you want to know how to make writing your day job and successful career, theres no better person to ask than someone who does just that. Based in Bath, England and a self-proclaimed travel junkie, Joanna Penn is a New York Times and USA Today bestselling thriller author who has written over 27 books. She is also an international professional speaker and award-winning creative entrepreneur. She has also written and se lf-published several nonfiction titles related to writing, including How To Market A Book, Business for Authors: How to be an Author Entrepreneur, How to Make a Living with your Writing, The Successful Author Mindset, The Healthy Writer, Successful Self-Publishing, Public Speaking for Authors, Creatives and Other Introverts, and Career Change.The Creative Penn PodcastFor writers who prefer to listen to interviews with authors and tips about writing, the podcast available on The Creative Penn website is free and available on RSS, iTunes, Android, Stitcher, and YouTube. With a combination of interviews, inspiration and information, the podcasts are posted every Monday and there are currently over 350 podcast episodes available to listen to and/or download.Some of the most recent podcast episodes listed are:#386 – Foolproof Dictation and Zero Social Media with Christopher Downing#385 – How to Write Effective Injuries For Your Characters with Samantha Keel#384 – The Artists Journey with Steven Pressfield#383 – Tips for Editing your Book with Natasa Lekic from NY Book Editors#382 – Redesign your Life to Prioritize your Writing with David Kadavy#381 – Writing with Depression with Michaelbrent CollingsCoursesThe Creative Penn website also provides access to three courses taught by Joanna Penn: How to Write a Novel, How to Write Non-Fiction: Turn Your Knowledge Into Words and Creative Freedom: How to Make a Living With Your Writing.The How to Write a Novel course is described as a step-by-step guide to understanding story structure and the elements of a novel, and then writing and editing your manuscript. The price at the time of this review is $297 or $50 per month for six months. According to Penn, it contains downloadable audio and PDF slides to allow students to learn at their own pace, with five modules along with extra QA videos with Joanna Penn.The How to Write Non-Fiction: Turn Your Knowledge Into Words course, accordi ng to Penn, will save you time, effort and frustration on your author journey. Penn describes the course as one in which she shares the business models of writing non-fiction, mindset issues around writing, the details of how to research, write and edit your book, dictation and productivity tips, as well as publishing, product creation, marketing and more.The Creative Freedom: How to Make a Living With Your Writing course is designed to be used to build a long-term sustainable business as an author entrepreneur and is an advanced-level course, available for writers who have already published a book. According to Penns description, it is specifically designed for writers who have a book or books but arent making money from them or writers who currently make some money from their writing but not enough.

Free Essays on The Star

â€Å"The Star†. â€Å"The universe has no purpose and no plan that since a hundred suns explode every year in our galaxy, at this very moment some race is dying in the depths of the space. Whether that race done good or evil during its lifetime will make no difference in the end: there is no divine justice, for there is no God.† I would love to believe that when I die I will live again, that some part of e will continue. Bu as much as I want to believe that, I know of nothing to suggest that it is more than wishful thinking. Of various arguments made for the existence of a supreme being, there’s only one that I think deserves serious attention. It’s called â€Å"The Argument from Design†, and basically runs like this: If you examine a watch, you would be very likely to conclude that somebody made it, because it is such a complex object. It would seem to be very unreasonable to consider that it could have happened by any conceivable kind of chance or event: an intelligent kind of being must have made it. Similarly, if you examine the Universe, and the amazing things in it, such as living things, you find such complexity that it would seem that it must have been made so. Purely random process could not have generated the incredible complexity of a microbe. Let alone human beings, and the Universe. Even if the Universe was designed by a God there is no way to know if this god endorses any particular religion, or it any of the characteristics assigned to it by that or any other religion-such as requiring us to worship and price it. If I created some artificial universe, say a computer simulation- why ever would I want my little forms to worship me? Where as in the concept of religion Heaven for the chosen few, and Hell for the majority of human kind. Why should billons of souls suffer eternal torment who never even heard of that particular god, or for having thought deeply and having concluded, as rationally as they could, ... Free Essays on The Star Free Essays on The Star â€Å"The Star†. â€Å"The universe has no purpose and no plan that since a hundred suns explode every year in our galaxy, at this very moment some race is dying in the depths of the space. Whether that race done good or evil during its lifetime will make no difference in the end: there is no divine justice, for there is no God.† I would love to believe that when I die I will live again, that some part of e will continue. Bu as much as I want to believe that, I know of nothing to suggest that it is more than wishful thinking. Of various arguments made for the existence of a supreme being, there’s only one that I think deserves serious attention. It’s called â€Å"The Argument from Design†, and basically runs like this: If you examine a watch, you would be very likely to conclude that somebody made it, because it is such a complex object. It would seem to be very unreasonable to consider that it could have happened by any conceivable kind of chance or event: an intelligent kind of being must have made it. Similarly, if you examine the Universe, and the amazing things in it, such as living things, you find such complexity that it would seem that it must have been made so. Purely random process could not have generated the incredible complexity of a microbe. Let alone human beings, and the Universe. Even if the Universe was designed by a God there is no way to know if this god endorses any particular religion, or it any of the characteristics assigned to it by that or any other religion-such as requiring us to worship and price it. If I created some artificial universe, say a computer simulation- why ever would I want my little forms to worship me? Where as in the concept of religion Heaven for the chosen few, and Hell for the majority of human kind. Why should billons of souls suffer eternal torment who never even heard of that particular god, or for having thought deeply and having concluded, as rationally as they could, ...

'Using a case study approach, critically appraise and evaluate Essay

'Using a case study approach, critically appraise and evaluate the nature of therapeutic interventions, in the management of a client's underlying condition or presenting symptom(s)' - Essay Example It is evident that owing to the busy schedule of individuals, people become unable to take care of themselves that can influence their health in a negative manner altogether (Suthakaran & Adithan, n.d.). Notably, as per the provided case, Mark is a patient who has been admitted to acute ward owing to his sudden collapse. Upon analysis of his past medical analysis, he was seen to be suffering from depression and anxiety, for which he chose pharmacological intervention over psychological treatment. Contextually, extensive secondary research study has been conducted for the research in depth where information will be collected from journals, literatures and research articles. The primary aim of the intervention includes identifying the potential benefits of therapeutic interventions with the combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions. As per the provided case study, an individual male at the age of 28 was admitted to acute ward after a sudden collapse at home. He was believed to be under the influence of extreme work pressure owing to which he developed an extreme level of stress. Past medical reports of the patient suggested that he was suffering from anxiety disorder and depression but was reluctant towards visiting psychologist. During the treatment of Mark in Acute ward, he showed negligible signs of any depression and anxiety despite of the aspect that he did not get any help from psychologists or any other healthcare professional in the past. He was in constant intake of Citalopram 40 mg on a daily basis. Correspondingly, it is believed that the patient and his symptoms regarding anxiety can be managed with the help of therapeutic intervention. Various noteworthy developments have been observed in the domain of nursing over the years. The profession have become one of the most prominent parts within the healthcare domain since

Role Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role Models - Essay Example â€Å"Role models demonstrate their commitment to a desired goal and are willing to invest the necessary time and effort to achieve success† (Silver). â€Å"In order for role models to be influential, they must show respect for others† (Silver). â€Å"Role models inspire other with an upbeat, optimistic outlook on life† (Silver). Summary of the article-The article is by Rebecca Morrison who claims that individuals are still susceptible to the influence of others, and especially their friends regardless of their age, strength, independence, or centeredness. The influence of others comes in various forms and can be specific, general, or indirect. Occasional and small negative habits viewed in one’s friend can erode and become sustained in the individual’s life too. It is hard for an individual to recognize that his or her friend is the one negatively impacting their life as they care about them. For one to understand the impact of negative friendship in their life, they need to step back and have a look at their actions and analyze how their life has been impacted negatively. It is possible to make positive change after identifying the negative impact. The changes that need to be made may either be dramatic or simple adjustment. Main ideas- friends with negative habits are capable of influencing one’s life. For one to understand the negative influence a relationship has on them, they need to step back and analyze. If negative behavior is key to the sustainability of a friendship, there is need for the friendship to end for one to lead a healthy life. Additional notes: the author suggests that there is need to evaluate the impact that friendships have own one’s individual behavior. If the influence is negative, there is need to undertake some changes for the benefit of the individual’s life. Summary of the article- the article is written by Susan Krauss Whitbourne. The article

A case study of Manchester United Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A case study of Manchester United - Essay Example Away from the pitch, the club also scores high in financial matters being worth around 1.13 billion pounds (IBN live, 2014, Para 2). The two most valued coaches in the history of Manchester United are sir Matt Busby and the legendary sir Alex Ferguson. Busby was the coach when the Munich air disaster happened, but survived and embarked on an endeavor to rebuild the team back to its competitive form. Busby resigned in 1969 and from then no other coach ever came close to his success until the entry of sir Alex Ferguson in 1986. The club has been successful for building on its strengths and focusing on its competencies for continued growth. The paper in this discussion will look at the strengths of the club, its competencies, a market analysis and strategic options in the next five years. Infrastructure- the theatre of dreams this is one of the largest all seater stadium in the English premier league. It can accommodate over 75,000 people and has been used for other purposes away from football. For a team that has been successful in the history of English football, Manchester United certainly has various strengths built over time. It is through capitalizing on its strengths and competencies that this team has been capable of rising to its current state. Through a SWOT analysis, these are the different strengths that Manchester United has built over time. Manchester United has built a global brand all over the world through creating a wide fan base. The club has over time moved from just a football team to a brand, focusing on consciousness around the world. Asia has long been a proud supporter of the team with the region providing the largest number of fans. Building this brand includes visits to Asia and other regions such as North America as they continue to build the Manchester brand. The club has turned fan’s passion into brand loyalty, and the justifying factor is profits (Kirsten, 2002, 14) The period of 1990-2012 has seen the rise

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay When forming teams in a professional work environment it is important to understand the personalities of your teammates to determine strengths and weaknesses. When a leader is able to define the strengths and weaknesses of the team members it is easier to delegate tasks, encourage brain storming sessions and be successful as a team. Team C is composed of five members all with great leadership skills and a desire to learn and complete excellent work together. The first week of class we completed a DISC assessment that identified our individual personality traits. According to Disc Profile (n.d.), The initial DISC model comes from Dr. William Marston, a professor at Columbia University in the 1920s, who was curious about the behavior of normal people. He did not create an instrument from his theory, but others did† (Disc Overview). As a potential leader of this team, I was able to examine my own leadership styles and apply that to our assignment which is to create a professional development plan to identify the characteristics of the members to lead them to success. My DISC assessment concluded that I was a Cautious personality type. I see this in my personality. I often think or overthink what I do and tasks that I complete at work and in the school environment. I rarely rush into an assignment or partially complete an assignment. I often am very detail-oriented in projects and assignments. My leadership mentality is mainly to lead by example. I rarely will task another person without knowing exactly what is involved in completing the job. This is probably due to a desire to have control over a situation and know exactly what is involved and how long it will take to complete. Plus I am a person that prefers to build trust by having examples of competent behavior to reference. Three members of my team have the â€Å"Steadiness† personality. Betty, Shawn, and Harlan are more steady and security-oriented, meaning they prefer to know precisely what they are doing as far as job related and school related tasks are concerned. When leading them in the team I would make sure they  understand the assignments of projects we work on as a team and I may be able to help them understand the projects better by fully explaining what we would hope the result would be. This might help team members to have more confidence in the projects. Brian has an interactive personality and it shows as he is able to learn about an assignment and take charge in explaining and delegating tasks for it. Brain is very confident in his assessments of situations and tasks. He has a very good way of being so excited about an assignment that it influences others in a positive manner. If I were to lead this team, I would have to have an understanding of the strengths of Brian’s ability to motivate the team and my ability to help the others understand the project so we may be successful in completion. Betty, Harlan, and Shawn are the key players in this as they will strive to do an incredible job in maintaining a strong will to succeed and complete the tasks. As a general rule, the steady personality listens well, creates very strong relationship bonds and work very well with others (Uniquely You, n.d.). They are able to be objective about situations that other people might not handle well. They can handle stress well and are reliable and really care about others feelings and will often take action that will help others feel good. References Disc Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.discprofile.com/what-is-disc/overview/ Uniquely You. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.uniquelyyou.com/disc.php

Evolving Logistics Strategies For Molson Coors Business Essay

Evolving Logistics Strategies For Molson Coors Business Essay The continuous wave of globalisation of businesses has consistently led to increasing attention on logistics. This volume of attention is attributable to the massive roles that logistics plays in differentiating businesses and creating competitive advantages in the present global marketplace, tasking formidable managers to evolve rugged strategies that would measure up to the rapid changes and challenges that characterize the current global business landscape. Chow, Heaver and Henriksson (1994) offered a general definition of logistic as the planning, execution and control of the procurement, movement and stationing of personnel, material, and other resources to achieve the objectives of a campaign, plan, project, or strategy. However for the purpose of this paper that intends to study and report logistics management strategies, a more focused definition that bothers on the management aspect of logistics will be appropriate. According to the Council of Logistic Management (2009), logistic is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. In corporate organizations, logistics strategies are created to specifically define the very service levels where its logistics organization is at its most cost effective (Fawcett, 1991). Due to the rapid and constant changing of supply chains, companies may develop multiple logistic strategies for particular product lines, particular countries and/or particular customers. This underscores the importance of developing logistics strategies, as companies ability to adapt to the flexibilities of supply change would enable organizations to identify the impact of imminent changes and make functional adjustments to ensure that service levels are not reduced, as this provides differentiating advantages. Globally, the brewing industry is prominent among the industries that employ the best of minds to manage its operational activities, as logistics, stands out as one of the main challenges of the industry. A brewing firm that intends to remain in business must have formidable logistics management strategies in place that would help ensure that the company continues to get its products to its teeming customers on time therefore, preempting and overcoming the hiccups that occasionally impede the service levels and creates gaps in customer service. This paper shall research and analyze the logistic operations and position of one of the top brewing companies based in the United Kingdom; Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited. An evaluation of the key strategic approaches to logistics of the company will be done and management issues that arise with the implementation of new logistics strategy in respect of capital, technical and human resources will be examined. Lastly, an outline of the strategic significance of technological development and business trends on future logistics strategies for beer companies will be made. However, before we delve into the depth of the itemized navigations of this paper, let have a feel of the basics of the company. The Company: Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited. The corporate journey of what is now known and referred to as Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited started as far back as 1744 with the brewing skill and vision of one man, William Worthington (http://www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/companyhistory/index.html.) who began the brewing business in Burton-on-Trent in UK (regarded as the spiritual home of brewing). The company went through quite a number of metamorphoses that bothers on ownership, markets and structure before finally recently changing its name from Coors Brewers Limited to the present name in the year 2009. The company who shares its history and ownership with Molson Coors Brewing Company in the United States is presently one of the largest brewers in the world. The company remains a leading brewer in the U.K, U.S and Canada with a combined annual beer volume of over 48 million hectolitres which invariably translate into high net sales of more than US$5.6 billion (http://www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/structure.html). The major brands of the company include Carling Mainstream British Lager, Carling C2 Mid-Strength British lager, Carling Premier, Coors Light US Premium, Grolsch Dutch Premium and so on. The Company have six strategic locations in the UK; Burton-on-Trends, Staffordshire, Alton, Hampshire, Tadcaster, Leeds, Cardiff and Livingston. The strategic vision of the company is simply to be the number one brewer in the United Kingdom. In order for this vision to be accomplished, the companys business strategies are entrenched in its brands and human resources. In terms of its brands, the company intends to build portfolios of tomorrow while engaging right people, right way. It holds its values in integrity, quality, excelling, passion and creativity. As part of the mandate that informs this study, this report will seek to contribute to the realisation of the vision of the company from the logistics perspectives in the following sections. Strategic Position of Molson Coors Brewing Company: Logistics Perspective The early part of this report stressed the need for businesses to deploy formidable strategies that would ensure the sustainability of appreciable service quality within the rapidly changing global business climate. This section will attempt to examine the logistics strategic position of Molson Coors using the SWOT analysis that would x-ray both the internal and external factors affecting the logistics management of the company within the view of the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of the company in its logistics operations. Strengths: Of high importance in the strengths of Molson Coors is the highly integrated divisional structure that exists between its finance, human capital, procurement and technology departments. These core activities form the backbone of its operations and support all the facets of the companys business. In the technology aspect, the company is deploying SAP while the procurement is making use of the VIPER program. This program is designed to consolidate vendors, and this will enable the company to control more leverage and reduce cost. Also, the company has competitive strengths in primary supply, production activities particularly inbound logistics and operations. The companys strength in inbound logistics includes long-term supplier relationships, supplier training, strategic sourcing and the VIPER program. In respect of its operations, Molson Coors has great capacity in waste minimization, cold filtering process and quality controls, joint venture relationships and close logist ics to packaging facilities and high economies of scale. Weaknesses: One of the key weaknesses of Molson Coors is its recent attempt to extend its SAP system to its supply chain. This extension was not well executed and it had a high negative impact on the companys financials. Meanwhile, the company has not been performing well financially as it attribute this poor financial condition to the harsh market condition in the United Kingdom. It recorded a decline of 46% in the second quarter of its financial year. Also, the management style of the company which is structure in the top-down format is another major weakness of the company as this impedes the power to innovate and move forward since the company is largely controlled by the Coors family that holds the voting stock in the company. Opportunities: The harsh economic conditions in the United Kingdom has simmered down towards the last two quarters of the year 2009, this leaves the year 2010 to be very promising for market consolidation. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, the company plans to boost its marketing spending in 2010 by GBP8.1M (Just-Drink.Com, 2010). Research has also shown that the proliferations of microbrewers are driving consumers with the urge to try different types of beers than the staunch brand following that used to subsist (Market and Research, 2009). This gives room for market expansion that Molson Coors can take advantage of. In respect of the available opportunities that Molson Coors can seize to develop its existing logistics; there are opportunities to drive off inefficiencies in the face of modern technologies that would also ensure the reduction of production wastes and other forms of wastes as constituted in the seven waste (Harrison and Hoek, 2008). Also, its SAP application will help to provide more efficient customer service, effective data management that would engender planning and a productive information system. In addition, the limited influences that suppliers have over this industry holds lots of opportunities for Molson Coors. Threats: Same way as great opportunities existed for Molson Coors in terms of market expansion in the face of consumers trying different brands, so do their competitors also have some advantage to wrestles consumers from Molson Coors. The brewing industry is an industry with a very high rivalry, therefore, Molson Coors has a constant market threat in its business operation. Due to the high level of competition in the industry and the great varieties of beer that exist, coupled with the availability of substitutes, buyers maintain large power in the market while the brewers power to influence pricing is minimal. Key Strategic Approaches to Logistics Management of Molson Coors The importance of theories in management and other fields of study cannot be overemphasized, as they help to guide our actions by providing assumptions which we consider before making our decisions. There are four theories of strategy whose approaches may be used by the logistics management of Molson Coors Brewing Company though at varying degrees, and depending on the situation on ground. The reason for the adoption of the four theories lies in the fact that no single theory is adequate to provide a one medicine fits all approach to both management and all fields of study. A consideration of varying theories eclectically most times provides better ways of understanding situations. Equally, company adopts multiple logistics strategies in order to withstand constant changes in supply chain, therefore this portends the use of different approaches as well. Classical approach to strategy: Molson Coors may be able to use this approach that holds that good planning is key to good anticipation and adaptability to market change. The theory proclaims that profitability is the ultimate goal in business and rational planning remains the effective means of reaching the goals (Whittington, 2001). From the organizational structure of Molson Coors, it appears that the management of the company gives credence to this approach as it employed the services of a strategic director, a supply chain director and two sales directors who are members of the top management team. Just as the Classical strategic thinking emphasised the importance of good managers as tools of profit maximising strategies through rational long-term planning, Molson Coors likewise has great confidence in the ability of its management staff to make the company achieve its set objectives as entrenched in the companys vision (see http://www.molsoncoors.co.uk/aboutus/ourmission.html). Evolutionary approach to strategy: As for the evolutionary approaches, markets are too tough, complicated and unpredictable to require heavy investment in strategic plans. The approach is less confident in the ability of managers to act and plan rationally. Rather the approach holds that market forces shall secure profits maximization and downplays the influence of the managers as it believes that whatever the strategy adopted by managers, only the best performers shall excel in the market (De Wit and Meyer, 2004). They would rather advise that strategists should keep their costs low and their options open. Though this may not entire fit into the arrangements at Molson Coors, however, the derivations from approach may also be considered by the company as the brewing industry is indeed an unpredictable one and Molson Coors have been expending quite a large sum on strategic activities that may not positively impact on the profitability of the company. This is evident from the financial s of the company in which the companys assets cannot take care of the companys liability. With the mean resources available at the disposal of the company, a good consideration of the evolutionary approach to strategy may be inevitable. Processual approaches to strategy: This approach also contests the detached approach of the Classical strategy, aligning rather on the assumption that effective strategies emerge directly from close participation in the daily operations and basic strengths of the company (Whittington, 2001). This approach is generally related to the beliefs of the evolutionary approach on rational strategy making but do not exhibit such confidence in the markets ensuring profit maximization. The approach hold that the combination of the organization and markets are often confusing concepts, which then lead to unclear strategies evolving. They then postulated that managers own their strategies and competitive advantages to the imperfections that exist between the organizations and the markets processes. In clear terms, the processual approach advises that organizations should abstain from striving after unattainable ideal of rational fluid action but should rather go with the global flow. Molson Coors , may also be able to consider this approach because of its emphasis on the market trends being the main determinants of business processes. However, this approach does not presently appear in the management planning of Molson Coors as they remain more devoted to the classical approach with some considerations from the evolutionary approach. Systemic perspectives on strategy: The main argument of the system approach on strategy is that strategies should evolve around sociology and must be appropriate to particular social context. The systemic approach asserts that there is no single best way to strategy, however, it holds that organization should just play by the rules. Unlike the evolutionary and processual approaches, the systemic approach has some faith in the capacity of the organization to plan and effectively act within its business environment, however, they separate from the Classical approach by not agreeing with the forms and ends of rationality as proposed by the Classists. Rather, the systemic argue that the rationale that underlines strategy should be embedded in the peculiar sociological context. This approach holds a lot of realities on ground for Molson Coors as the company need to examine the market realities and peculiarities of the environment that it operates in before making some strategic decisions. Since the company operates in three main countries; the US, Canada and UK, adopting a single strategy may mar the logistics growth of the organization. In particular, the tough business climate in the UK which adversely affected the brewing industry is a case in point. Having considered the suitability of the four basic approaches of strategy to the logistics management of Molson Coors, this paper submit that elements of the four strategic approaches should be considered to plan strategic approaches that would evolve around the peculiarities of the human resources, business environment and market forces that subsists within the brewing industry of the United Kingdom. Implementing logistics strategy at Molson Coors: Management issues arising Implementing change in organizations have never being an easy exercise in any part of the world right from the conception stage where decisions are made to effect change to the execution of such changes, resistances usually abound. Therefore, there would be some issues relating to the implementation of the new logistics strategy at Molson Coors or other organization for that matter. The way and manner that such issues are handled separates different organization and speak volumes on the capacity of organizations on change management as well as determine the success or positive impact of such implementation. Lets look in-depth into the management issues that arose at Molson Coors upon the implementation of new logistics strategy. Capital: The implementation of new logistics strategy will always impact on the available capital of organizations. Most times, decisions on the implementation of new strategy are usually taken with high consideration of the available capital of the organization. As highlighted in the evaluation of the current strategic position of Molson Coors, one of the weaknesses of the company is its inability to properly consider its available capital before planning and implementing new logistics strategy. For example its recent attempt to extend its SAP applications to its supply chain without adequate consideration of its available capital leading to a massive financial loss to the company and plunging the company into deep financial crisis. Also the company is on the verge of implementing a new logistics support service with its plan to expend  £8.5million on marketing in the year 2010. This will no doubt impact on the companys financials if adequate planning is not done. Another major lo gistics strategy issue that impacts on the available capital of Molson Coors is the implementation of the outsourcing of its supply chain which includes the warehousing, inventory and transportation of its products. This has assisted the financials of the company as it is able to save good value of capital (both human and financial resources) by the implementation of its outsourcing logistics strategy. This underscores the need for companies to always consider the available capital before implementing new logistics strategy. Technical: The successfully implementation of logistics strategy in any company has strong roots in the technical capacity of the company. This is because there are a lot of technologies involved in the new logistics operations of the brewing industry globally that require good management in order to optimize the benefits of such logistics strategy deployment. At Molson Coors, emphasis is laid on training as a means of integrating the human technical resources with the technologies deployed. Also, the capital resources is harmonized with the technical resources for the establishment of operational and manufacturing equipments that conforms with the set strategy put in place by the management for its workability. Human: Human resource issues in logistics strategy implementation remains the most daunting issue in the change management process as most times, executive staff and other employees are opposed to changes in organizational status quo. However, in order for human resource issue to be managed and with the huge believe of Molson Coors on its human resources as the vehicle that will bring about the actualisation of the companys vision, Molson Coors normally relocates and train staff to meet up with management decisions. However, it has a huge weakness in not involving the executive staff and other employees on decision-making process of logistics strategy issues. This portends great performance danger due to the top-down format of its organizational structure and the huge interfering influences of the family that holds the voting stock of the companys shares. Significance of new technology developments and future logistics strategies at Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited. There is no unitary answer to the question of the significance that new technology developments would impact on the future logistics strategies of beer manufacturing companies as the peculiarities of the markets, company maturity and strategies would be factors that would shape the outlook. However, this section will highlight some of the significance of the emerging technology developments and business trends of future logistics strategies. Inbound and outbound logistics: There are many importances of the new developments of technology in the future logistics of Molson Coors that starts from the inbound and outbound logistics activities like improvement in the transportation services, material handling, material storage and other forms of communications. The emerging automation of the activities and processes aforementioned will enable the company to leverage on time and resources by evolving effective and efficient planning through forecasting and other strategic planning of its activities in other to eliminate wastages. The developments of technologies in this sense will lead to higher customer service and better logistics operation. Information system: One of the key areas where the developments in technology can significantly impact in the operations of Molson Coors in the information system of the operational activities of the company. In fact it is already a factor that has been shaping its logistics activities overtime. Molson Coors having recognised the significance of improved technology on the future market trends attempted to extend its SAP applications to its supply chain, though unsuccessful, however, part of what the future logistics strategy holds for the company is a reapplication of the integration which will massively help the company have a more effective supply chain as part of the companys present strengths lies in its qualitative information system. Operations technologies: The emerging technologies will also positively impact on the operations technologies of the brewing company. Activities that involves the processing, material handling, machine tools, packaging within the production section of the company is expected to be enhanced by the developing technology. Data Planning: The new technology is also expected to impact on the data planning aspect of the production of the company. Data is very important to the activities and processes of a brewing company hence the enhancement of the data planning by enabling technologies will positively influence at the tactical level to effectively plan production, forecast demand, develop products and process information. This will also add to the advantage of avoiding wastages and efficiently addressing customers needs as well as evolving good value chain activities. Conclusion and Recommendations Molson Coors, no doubt have a combination of product and business knowledge with appreciable logistics strategies for the company to be able to withstand the rapidly fluid beer industry and market. The company is blessed with good organizational structure that recognises the importance of strategic logistics in its business organization, though the decision making aspects on strategic changes are done without adequate consultation with the employees. This paper, having considered the results of the logistics strategies evaluation, concludes that the firm Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited are logistically endowed and positioned to survive in the UK business environment and proceed to the next level. However, the following recommendations that bother on the study conduct must be considered by the management. Though the company failed in its bid to align its SAP applications to its supply chain, however, this paper recommends a retrial of the process with due consultations with technological experts and technical employees of the company. The paper recommends a judicious consideration of the four basic approaches to strategy by the company in settling for its logistics strategy which will be evolving and market specific. Managers at the local level should be enabled and involved in the planning process and decision making on strategic issues. As presently constituted, there is no director administering the information technology and support of the company. This implies that the department is not given top priority in the company hierarchy. This should be corrected by considering the elevation of the department of ITS into one of the constituents of the companys directorship. If these recommendations are considered by the management of Molson Coors in addition to visiting the SWOT analysis conducted with the aim of strengthening the weaknesses, taking advantages of the opportunities, raising defences against the threats and consolidating the strengths of the organization, it is the believe of this paper that Molson Coors Brewing Company (UK) Limited will come out at the end of year 2010 a more formidable force in the brewing industry and even beyond.